Haze Density

Measured densities of Titan haze analogs, including the type of density measured, the setup
in which the sample were produced, and some experimental parameters (energy source and gas mixture
composition).

§: The UV lamp emits continuously from 115-400 nm.
*: The pycnometry measured density could be smaller than the material density as its volume determination includes internal pore space that cannot be filled by the helium gas

Laboratory Location
(Setup)
Energy Source
Gas Mixture
Pressure (Pa)
Density, ρs
(kg/m3)
Measured Density
Definition
Ref.
UC Boulder
(Tolbert Setup)
UV Lamp§
N2:CH4 (99.99:0.01)

N2:CH4 (99.9:0.1)

N2:CH4 (99.9:0.1)

N2:CH4 (99:1)

N2:CH4 (98:2)

N2:CH4 (95:5)

N2:CH4 (90:10)
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
8.0 × 104

(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
480±70

650±110

790±90

950±150

760±150

740±130

500±100
Effective density
Horst & Tolbert (2013)
Spark Discharge
N2:CH4 (99.9:0.1)
N2:CH4 (99:1)
N2:CH4 (98:2)
N2:CH4 (95:5)
N2:CH4 (90:10)
(8.3 − 8.5) × 104
820±230
980±220
1130±100
660±110
400±240
Effective density
Horst & Tolbert
(2013)
NASA ARC 1
(tholin-RF system)
RF cold plasma
irradiation
N2:CH4 (90:10)
40
150
26
160
1380
1270
1386.6
1311.3
∼Material density∗
(Pycnometry)
Sekine et al.
(2008)
Imanaka et al.
(2012)
JHU
(PHAZER)
AC Plasma Discharge
N2:CH4 (95:5)
N2:CH4:CO (94.95:5:0.05)
N2:CH4:CO (94.8:5:0.2)
N2:CH4:CO (94.5:5:0.5)
N2:CH4:CO (94:5:1)
N2:CH4:CO (92.5:5:2.5)
N2:CH4:CO (90:5:5)
267
1343±2
1348±2

1364±3
1379±3
1395±3
1416±3
1424±3
∼Material density∗
(Pycnometry)
He et al.
(2017)
LATMOS
(PAMPRE)
DC Plasma Discharge
N2:CH4 (98:2)
N2:CH4 (95:5)
N2:CH4 (95:5)
N2:CH4 (92:8)
20-1000
1450±20
1440±30
1440±10
1340±30
∼Material density∗
(Pycnometry)
Lethuillier et al.
(2018)
Recommended density range
400-1450 kg/m3